APPRAISAL ANALYSIS IN MEDIA CONFERENCE BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF INDONESIA AND AUSTRALIA TOWARDS BILATERAL RELATIONS NORMALIZATION

This descriptive study aims to identify and analyze the types of appraisal found in the media conference between the Indonesian government and the Australian government in 2013. Appraisal is the evaluation of available types of attitudes delivered within a discourse. There are three types of attitudes in appraisal: affect, judgment, and appreciation. Affect is a means of how individuals express their feelings in discourse. Judgment is divided into personal judgment and moral judgment. Personal judgment includes individual’s admiration or criticism, while moral judgment includes individual’s praise or condemnation. Appreciation concerns individual’s attitudes towards surrounding things. The result shows that there is no negative appraisal proposed by the representatives of both governments. Both representatives agreed to continue and restore the almost damaged bilateral relations after the surveillance scandal conducted by the Australian government to President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.


Introduction
Sharp in Melissen (2005: 11) discusses public diplomacy as the strategy of achieving direct relations involving people in a particular country to advance nation's interests and to extend nation's values.According to Melissen (2005: 13), public diplomacy is directed to foreign nations, thus the strategy should be distinguished from the common domestic diplomacy.Such strategy is applied by the government of Indonesia in developing their foreign diplomacy.The strategy includes their aims to engage with other nation's domestic constituency and to build nation's external identity (Melissen, 2005: 13).
During the ten-year presidential term of Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, Indonesia's foreign diplomacy strategy was intended to create 'a million friends and zero enemies' 1 .
The strategy was plainly established based on Soekarno's pursued 'free and active' foreign policy.Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's foreign diplomacy strategy was appointed in his 2009 inaugural address "Indonesia is facing a strategic environment where no country perceives Indonesia as an enemy and there is no country which Indonesia considers an enemy.Thus, Indonesia can exercise its foreign policy freely in all directions, having a million and zero enemies." 2 The 'million friends and zero enemies' policy did help Indonesia in establishing impressive growth in foreign trade and investment and initiating strong commitment to uphold human rights at the international level, despite the internal struggles encountered by the nation.The struggles, which Indonesian government encounters, such as terrorism, religious intolerance, and government infringement on civil rights and liberties, pose serious threats to other nations.

Indonesia and Australia 'Fragile' Bilateral Relations
Indonesia's status as the largest Muslim population in the world has inflicted superficial fears not only to their own nation but also to the surrounding nations.Even in the early decade of their independence, Indonesian government depicted Islam as the source of 1 Piccone, T. and B. Yusman. (2014).Indonesia Foreign Policy: "A Million Friends and Zero Enemies." Retrieved at May 3, 2017: http://thediplomat.com/2014/02/indonesian-foreign-policy-a-million-friendsand-zero-enemies/ 2 Piccone, T. and B. Yusman. (2014).Ibid disunion (Leifer, 1989: 199).Similar depiction had the New Order, under Soeharto term, marginalized and suppressed any developing Islamic political organizations (Mackie, 2007: 69).The authoritarian regime was apprehensive regarding the eventuality for these Islamic political organizations to develop and even to take over the nation's military after the fall of the regime.Under General Soeharto's leadership, particular action was taken not to involve Indonesia in certain foreign affairs that might provide political ambition to nation's Muslim groups in order to gather international supports as much as possible (Leifer, 1989: 199).However, in foreign politics, such action had put Indonesia as audience instead of an actor.The fall of New Order had the previously suppressed Islamic political organizations revive and once again develop through the country's first general election during the reformation era, which later in 2004 would lead to the country's first general presidential election.This resulted the involvement of Islamic political ambition in the nation's politics as well as international politics.
Since the early of 2000s, Indonesia had survived various terrorism attacks coming from the internal radical Islamic groups, for instance, Jama'ah Islamiah (JI).The incident of Bali Bombing in 2002 was probably the most severe terrorist attack, which the nation's ever got through.The incident killed 202 innocent civilians and injured 209.Most of them were from the country's on and off neighbor, Australia.The incident left a great impact on the bilateral relation between both countries, after the East Timor intervention.Moreover, the already-fragile bilateral relation between two countries was worsened through the incident of Australian Embassy Bombing in Jakarta, which was later referred as 2004 Jakarta Bombing.Australia senses serious threats coming from Indonesia ever since.Heryanto (2005: 161) emphasized the misuse of the term 'terrorism'.Such misuse is the result of unequal power relations.He proposed that the incident of Bali Bombing should be referred as the case of political violence, since the term terror and terrorism refer more to the long-lasting bitterness and fear (Heryanto, 2005: 161).Mackie (2007: 5) also proposes similar idea by referring to the incident as the politics of fear.
Consequently, the politics of fear between both nations are emphasized by each country's local news, portraying the misleading stereotypes of each nation.The Australians are afraid of possible radical Islamic attack coming from Indonesia, while the Indonesians are afraid of any future intervention from Australia regarding the nation's affair (Mackie, 2007).Despite the political constraints, both nations engage, Indonesia and Australia actually have developed quite bilateral cooperation in any range of fields, since both nations share similar interests (Mackie, 2007: 7).The 60-year-old bilateral relationship between both countries includes: Lombok Treaty, Jakarta Centre for Law Enforcement Cooperation, Bali Process, Indonesia-Australia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement, Australia's Aid Investment Plan, Australia Awards, etc.3 .To Australia, Indonesia is still matter.Mackie states that Australia must always remember that the bilateral relation with Indonesia is not a direct two-way bilateral relation between one nation with another, instead it is a well-associated relation involving the broader relation with the rest of ASEAN region and the East Asian international order (2007: 8).

Australia's Spying Scandal
In December 2013, Australian news, such as The Guardian and Australian Broadcasting While the Indonesian government demanding detail explanation and of course apology, Tony Abbott, on the other hand, claimed that the Australian government should not apologize or to provide detailed explanations regarding the surveillance6 .
The Prime Minister believed that such action was required to ensure the national security of Australian citizens.He further explained that it was normal for a government to gather information of other governments, since every other government gather information.This claim was later opposed by the Indonesian foreign minister, Marty Natalegawa, declaring that Indonesia never spies on other governments, especially to a friend.He added that such action was dangerous and untrustworthy.
Taking a different view, Bob Carr believed that the Australian government should apologize for the surveillance and set out the limits of intelligence gathering in following future.He thought that the surveillance had created catastrophe to the bilateral relations of both governments.In result, a joint understanding on a code of conduct was established to temper the catastrophic impact.

Marty Natalegawa and Julie Bishop's Attempt to 'Normalize'
In December 2013, media conference was held in Indonesia to discuss, restore, and normalize the fallout impact of the surveillance7 .The Indonesian government was represented by the current foreign minister, Marty Natalegawa, and the Australian government was represented by Julie Bishop.The conference resulted joint understanding on a code of conduct to prevent similar incidents happening in the future.
Following the media conference, Tony Abbott personally sent President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono a letter, promising his government would not take actions that might loose the bilateral ties between the neighbors.
During the media conference, both representations discuss as well as interact with the present journalist regarding the established code conduct in spoken discourse.Thus, this study aims to identify and analyze the types of appraisal found in the media conference using critical discourse analysis.This study applies a qualitative method.
Qualitative method is research method based on empirical findings, which results descriptive interpretations of these findings.

Theoretical Outline
Discourse analysis, according to Jorgensen and Phillips (2002: 1), is the analysis of social text patterns.In more complete term, discourse analysis is a sequence of interdisciplinary approaches applied to explore various social domains in many different types of studies.Fairclough (2003: 3) defines critical discourse analysis discusses the continuity and change at more abstract and structural level of particular text as well as what the text attempts to convey.Critical discourse analysis requires text analysis as the essential part of unfolding particular text.Fairclough considers text analysis not only as an independent linguistic analysis, but also an interdiscursive analysis, which perceives a text in terms of discourse, genres, and styles (2003: 3).
The term text here refers to the actual use of language.The term language includes verbal languages, such as words, sentences, and etc., as well as particular languages, such as Bahasa Indonesia, English, and etc.Similar to Jorgensen and Phillips, Fairclough defines discourse as the particular analysis of language use as a subject of social life interconnected with other subjects (2003: 3).Martin and Rose (2007: 1) argue that discourse analysis treats discourse more than just words in clauses, since it focuses more on the meaning conveyed by the clauses at the semantic level, and more than a manifestation of social activity, since a discourse is usually constructed through texts through social contexts which develop a series of meanings.In other words, discourse analysis interprets the manifestation of meaning within the interaction of text involving individuals.There are six resources of meaning manifestation within a discourse (Martin and Rose, 2007: 17)

Appraisal
Within the scope of Halliday's metafunction, appraisal is part of the interpersonal system.Appraisal is the evaluation of available types of attitudes delivered within a discourse (Martin and Rose, 2007: 25).Attitudes concerns of how individuals evaluate things, characters, and feelings.There are three types of attitudes: 1. Affect Affect is means of how individuals express their feelings in discourse.Affect can be either positive or negative based on the lexical choice.Affect can also be addressed explicitly or implicitly.

Judgment
Similar to affect, judgment can be either positive or negative.Judgment is divided into two: personal judgment and moral judgment.Personal judgment includes admiring (positive) and criticizing (negative).Moral judgment includes praising (positive) and condemning (negative).

Appreciation:
Appreciation concerns individual's attitudes towards surrounding things.
Appreciation can be delivered positively or negatively.and to temporarily suspend the bilateral cooperation between both countries.To resolve this, both governments agree to meet and to establish the joint understanding on code of conduct.
The media conference between the government of Indonesia and Australia shows that both representatives proposed similar positive appraisal.The result shows that there is no negative appraisal found within the media conference.It is parallel with the purpose of the media conference itself, namely to discuss, restore, and normalize the bilateral relations between both countries.Both representatives use more appreciation to show their commitment to continue the bilateral relations by moving forward to implement the joint understanding on code of conduct.

Bibliography
Australian Government: Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.Indonesia Country Brief.Retrieved May 3, 2017 from http://dfat.gov.au/geo/ indonesia/Pages/indonesia-country-brief.aspx Company (ABC), revealed the top-secret operation conducted by the US National Security Agency to 'listen in' President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's personal mobile phone 4 .The surveillance targets also include other Indonesia politicians, including the President's wife, Kristiani Herawati (Ani Yudhoyono).The reports were based on the documents leaked by Edward Snowden, former USA intelligence contractor, from Australia's electronic intelligence agency, namely the Defense Signals Directorate.The documents showed that the surveillance had been going since 2009, right after the JW Marriott and Ritz-Carlton Bombing in Jakarta.The DSD claimed that the surveillance was aimed to monitor the President's mobile phone activity.The surveillance clearly had damaged the bilateral ties between both nations.President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono with dismay instructed his foreign Minister, Marty Natalegawa, to recall Indonesia's ambassador to Canberra the following day, claiming the move as a serious e-ISSN.2503-443X diplomatic step "Foreign Minister & government officials have taken effective diplomatic measures, while demanding clarification from the US & Australia" 5 .
ConclusionThe 60-year-old well established bilateral relations between the government of Indonesia and the government of Australia is frequently challenged.The most recent challenging case encountered by both governments is the surveillance of President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono conducted by the N.S.A and the Australian government.Such issue is actually the result the already fragile bilateral relations.Indonesia's status as the largest Muslim country in world has posed serious threats towards the Australian government.They are apprehensive for any possible radical Islamic attacks coming from Indonesia.This idea later was used by Tony Abbott to claim that the related surveillance towards President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono was normal.He believed such action was required to ensure the national safety of Australian citizens.However, the Indonesian government was not on the same page.Indonesian government expressed their disappointment and disagreement by declaring such action as dangerous and untrustworthy.Moreover, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono himself instructed his foreign minister, Marty Natalegawa, to recall Indonesia's ambassador to Canberra